Faniga Luuqadda Ingiriisiga

Ardayda fasalka 8-aad

Hagahani waxa uu kaa caawin doonaa in aad fahamto nuxurka ugu muhiimsan (cilmiga & xirfadaha) ee ay tahay in canugaadu ogaado iyo siyaabaha aad ku taageeri karto waxbarashada ubadkaaga inta ay ku jiraan.

Talo: dul rog icons si aad u aragto qeexida ereyada muhiimka ah

Tani waxay tusaale u tahay hanuuninta

8aad

8aad

La Soo Deg Hagaha

Rajada Ardayda

Fasalka 8aad, ardaydu waxay akhrinayaan qoraalo tafaasiil kala duwan leh oo ku saabsan mowduuc iskumid ah waxayna eegayaan waxa qoraayaashu kaga hadlayaan iyo sida ay uga hadlayaan. Ardaydu waxay isweydiiyaan in qoraayaashu iswaafaqaan iyo in aysan iswaafaqin. Ardayda fasalka 8aad waxay hubiyaan in waxa qoraayaashu sheegayaan ay yihiin kuwo sax ah iyo in kale. Waxay soo xigan doonaan qaybo kamid ah qoraalka waxayna soo gabagabaynayaan caddaynta qoraalka si ay aragtidooda ugu xoojiyaan. Waxay akhrin doonaan si ay wax uga bartaan ereyo cusub wax badanna uga bartaan dunida. Ardaydu waa in ay wax ka akhriyaan sheekooyinka bar khayaaliga ka ah barna dhabta ah. Buugaagtu waa in ay lahaadaan qadarka adaygga qoraalka oo kala duwan ayna baraan waxyaabo ku dad, goobo, iyo fikrado cusub, oo ay kujiraan codadka dadkii hore iyo kuwa hadda ahba ee Dakota & Anishinaabe.

Ardayda fasalka 8aad waa in ay inta badan wax qoraan. Waxa ay qori doonaan layliyo gaagaaban iyo layliyo dhaadheer kuwaas oo qaata maalmo badan. Ardaydu waa in ay bartaan inta badan shuruucda hikaadda, naxwaha, iyo xarakaynta, iyo qaabka loo isticmaalo. Waa in ay si fudud wax u qoraan. Waxay ku tababaran doonaan cilmibaarista, fikirka, iyo dib u qorista ayada oo lagu salaynayo jawaab celinta ka imaanaysa macalinkooda iyo ardayda ay isku fasalka yihiin. Waxay wax ka qori doonaan mowduucyo badan sababo kala duwan awgood.

Si aad u aragto dhammaan heerarka gobolka ELA ee fasalka 8ka fiiri halkan: education.mn.gov/mde/dse/stds/ela


Ardayda fasalka 8aad waxay u baahan yihiin in ay ogaadaan sida howlaha hoose loo qabto marka la gaaro dhammaadka sannadka:

XIRFADAHA AKHRIS-QORAALKA

Waa in ay akhriyaan qoraalka heerka fasalka 8aad ah, kaasoo ah heerka Lexile 925-1185

Waa in ay si wanaagsan u akhriyaan qoraalka fasalka 8aad, kaasoo ah 180 erey halkii daqiiqo

Waa in ay akhriyaan ayaga oo tilmaamo bixinaya si ay u muujiyaan in ay fahmeen qoraalka marka ay akhrinayaan

Waa in ay qoraan ayna dib u qoraan curisyo kuwaas oo leh hikaad, naxwe, iyo xarakooyin sax ah. Waa in ay ka fogaadaan isticmaalka ereyada faraha badan si ay fikraddooda u soo bandhigaan ayna iska ilaaliyaan soo celcelinta aan loo baahnayn

Waa in ay isticmaalaan teknoolojiyadda si ay wax u qoraan ulana shaqeeyaan kuwa kale cilmibaarisna ugu sameeyaan mowduuc ayaga oo isticmaalaya ilo la isku haleyn karo oo dhinacyo kala duwan wax ka eegaya

Waa in ay si kale u qor isla micnaha macluumaadka marka laga tago xigashada iyo dulmarka

Waa in aysan marna minguurin shaqada aysan ayagu lahayn, taasoo loo yaqaano qish

Waa in ay fahmaan raadkooda dhijitaalka ah , kaasoo ah waddada xogta aan dhammaanteen kaga tagno internetka

Waa in ay 40 erey ku qoraan halkii daqiiqo. Waa in ay ku qoraan ugu yaraan saddex bog halkii saac

WAX KABARASHADA DUNIDA IYADA OO LA ADEEGSANAYO QORAAL

Waa in ay su’aalo weydiiyaan kana jawaabaan qoraalka ay akhriyaan. Waa in ay isu barbardhigaan qoraalo badan mar labaadna u akhriyaan si taxaddar leh si ay u helaan macluumaad gaar ah si ay u xoojiyaan fahamkooda. Waa in ay awoodaan samaynta waxyaabaha soo socda:

  • Waa in ay soo koobaan qoraalka ayaga oo aan fikraddooda ku dhex darin
  • Waa in ay helaan mowduucyada, qodobada muhiimka ah, iyo fikradaha guud
  • Waa in ay bartaan sida qof muhiim ah, dhacdo, ama fikrad loo soo bandhigo iyo qaabka ay isu badalaan
  • Waa in ay sharaxaan sida qaybaha kala duwan ee qoraalku u saameeyo micnaha
  • Waa in ay qeexaan sida sheekooyinku u socdaan iyo qaabka jilayaashu uga jawaabaan
  • Waa in ay bartaan qaabka qoraayaasha iyo aragtidoodu u saamayso qoraalka
  • Waa in ay isu barbardhigaan sheekooyinka khayaaliga ah iyo kuwa taariikhda ah
  • Waa inay su’aal ka weydiiyaan fikirka qoraaga iyo in ay jirto caddayn ku filan sax ahaanshaha fikraddooda

Waa in ay helaan micnaha ereyo cusub iyo luuqadda sharraxaada , ayaga oo adeegsanaya fikradaha kujira qoraalka, mowduuca, qaamuusyada, ama ereyga asalka ah

Waa in ay fahmaan in qoraalka hal mowduuc kujira uu is diidan yahay marka laga eego xaqiiqooyinka, fikradaha, ama xagga aragtida

Waa in ay sameeyaan ayna sababeeyaan sheegasho ama dood oo qaab qoraal ah ama dood wadaag ah. Waa in ay taageeraan sheegashooyinka wata caddaynta saxda ah ee khusaysa ee ka imaanaysa il la rumaysan karo. Waa in ay muujiyaan in ay fahmeen mowduuca ama qoraalka

Waa in ay wax ka qoraan qoraalka kaddib marka ay akhriyaan. Waa in uu ku daraa hordhac leh jumlad soo koobid ah , tusaalooyin habaysan, iyo gabagabo

Waa in ay wax sharaxaan ayaga oo adeegsanaya qoraalkooda. Waa in ay qoraalkooda u qaabeeyaan si cad ayna isticmaalaan ereyo gaar ah oo la xiriira mowduuca. Waa in ay isticmaalaan xaqiiqooyin iyo tusaalooyin ka imaaanaya qoraalada si ay u muujiyaan faham

Waa in ay qoraan fikrado lagu qanci karo. Waa in ay isticmaalaan qaabab kala duwan oo ay akhristaha ku qancin karaan. Waa in ay awoodaan ka jawaabidda isfahamwaaga

Waa in ay wax qoraan si ay wax uga abuuraan ugana tarjumaan naftooda (gabay ahaan, sheekooyin, taariikh nololeedyo, khuraafaadyo, iyo ruwaayado). Waa in ay kusoo daraan wadasheekaysiyo waafaqsan aragtida iyo mowduuca jilaaga. Waa in ay isticmaalaan qaabka saxda ah (sida, cutubyada, baydadka, xalqooyinka), sheekooyinka isku dhafan, kala saarista, jiibta, iyo hooriska si ay dareen u abuuraan

Tusaale Ahaan Shaqada Ardaygu

Hoos waxaad ka helaysaa tusaale ku saabsan qoraal heerka fasalka 8aad ah.2 Ardayga waxaa la weydiiyay “Sidee ayuu unug ugu ekaan karaa dhisme ama magaalo?” Ardaygu wuxuu uga jawaabay asaga oo la barbardhigaya unugga Buurta Olympus 


2Muunadaha qoraalka ah waxaa lasoo qaatay ayada oo fasax laga haysto Saaxiibada Ardayda. “Muunadaha Qoraalka Ardayda.” Achieve the Core, https://achievethecore.org/category/330/student-writing-samples

Wuxuu kulawadaagayaa fikradda guud ee qoraalka si cad, asaga oo akhristaha tusaya waxa soo socda

Wuxuu diyaariyaa afkaarta oo qaab cad – booqasho lagu tagayo Buurta Olympus – si loo muujiyo qaabka qaybaha unuga ugu egyahay qaybaha kala duwan ee Buurta Olympus

Wuxuu isticmaalaa ereyo gaar ah iyo kuwo khuseeya si uu u sharraxo mowduuca

Wuxuu bixinayaa gunaanad kaasoo la xiriira qodobka ugu weyn ee qoraalka

How Mount Olympus is Like a Cell

Have you ever looked at your own cells? No, of course not. You’re a mortal and you don’t have the power or technology to do that. Maybe some day in the future we shall grant humans the power of microscopic vision. Who knows? That’s up to Zeus. Cells are amazing things. Each one is individually different. When I first looked at my own cells I thought, “WOW there is nothing like this in the whole world.” I was wrong. Recently, I came to the realization that my own dear Mount Olympus is very much like a cell itself. There are many components in a cells that can also, in a way, be found on Mount Olympus. The structure of a cell and the components within are very like Mount Olympus. 

What? You don’t believe me? Well fine! Come on. I’ll show you.

Oh, and by the way my name is Eos and I’m the Greek goddess of dawn. I’m responsible for the rising of the sun. Be careful and follow me. Don’t let anyone else see you. Mortals aren’t allowed up her. Let’s go.

In an animal cell, the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. There are small pores that allow things of different sizes through. Up her, on Olympus what keeps the mortals from entering. or leaving (if they are to be kept here) is an instilled fear of us. Mortals dare not enter unless told to by one of the gods or goddesses. They dare not leave either.

Now, all of you stand still. No, it’s okay. This is just a powder that will make you invisible. Nobody move or make a sound. Got it? If you do, it will be your life wasted. I just have to check to make sure that neither Zeus or Hera are in their throne room…Okay, we can go in. Just go silently and quickly! This is Zeus and Hera’s throne room, which is very similar to the nucleus of a cell. In a cell, the nucleus is the control center of activity on a cellular level. It’s from here that Zeus and Hera control the happenings of immortals and mortals alike. It’s like the control center for the world.

Holy Zeus! Someone’s coming in. It’s Zeus himself! Quick into here. No noise, no movement, no nothing! Those of you who can peer through the window, do so. You’ll be able to see the head god himself! Zeus and his wife, Hera, control the gods, goddesses, and mortals. They are like the chromosomes in a cell. In a cell, the chromosomes determine what kind of cell it will be and how it acts. That is what Zeus and Hera do in the world.

In a cell, the ribosomes turn amino acids into proteins. On Mount Olympus we  make many things like laws, rules, and the weather. However,[tool tip=”transition words”] the most material thing that we make are lightning bolts. Of course, only Zeus can actually make them. Although[tool tip=”transition words”] others can use them if they have his permission. See how Zeus only uses his left hand for tasks? That is because [tool tip=”transition words”] his right hand is used to make lightening. Like the ribosomes, his hand takes raw materials (the abundant plasma and energy up here) and creates a whole new product (lightning.) His hand is like a the ribosomes in a cell.

Good, Zeus is leaving. This closet is starting to get stuffy. We should go quickly out into the hall. Now take a right, then a left into here. This is the courtyard. Immortals don’t have to eat, but we do it for the pleasure of it. Also, eating helps keep us healthy and happy. The fountains flow with sweet juices and wines. The trees have the best fruits possible. That table over there is always supplied with the most delectable food imaginable. Those chests that are spread around are filled with gold and jewels for our taking. Wearing these helps enhance our godly image. This courtyard represents the vacuoles in a cell. In the vacuoles, large amounts of what the cell needs are stored. Here large amounts of what immortals thrive on is stored.

Don’t be alarmed. Those are our mortal slaves. They won’t tell on us because I have ordered them not to. In an animal cell, mitochondria store energy and release it when necessary. They power the cell. Here on Mount Olympus, we could not get by with out thee slaves. They perform almost every task that can even slight be considered laborious. The energy they get from food is stored in their bodies and released in order to do tasks.

In a cell, the ER, or endoplasmic reticulum, help to move substances around the cell.The halls and paths we’ve been following are very similar to the ER, they are like the roads that contain all movement.

Quick, into this room here. That was Hermes the messenger god. Now that I think of it, he is very much like the golgi bodies in a cell. The golgi bodies package and ship substances from place to place in a cell. Hermes, similarly wraps items up in goat skin and takes them from one person, immortal, or Titan to another.

Now, let’s go back to the entrance. You should go. Soon every god, goddess, demi- god, and demi-goddess will be coming. There is a big meeting tonight. So they were all summoned here. By now, I’m sure you can see how Mount Olympus is structured like a cell. Just follow that path down there until you get home. Wait, the day is almost over and it’ll get dark. Each of you swallow some of this powder. There, this enables you to fly, which is much faster than walking. If you promise not to tell anyone about this  and you can go. You swear? Okay, good bye. [tool tip=”conclusion”]

Example Tooltip


Hoos waxaad ka helaysaa tusaale ku saabsan qoraal heerka fasalka 8aad ah.1 Qoraalkaan wuxuu kujiraa heerka Lexile ee 1100. ardayda fasalka 8aad waa in ay awood u yeeshaan in ay si dagan u akhriyaan qoraalka iyo qaab tilmaamo leh. Intaa kaddib, waa in ay awood u yeeshaan in ay kuu sheegaan waxa ka dhacay qoraalka dhexdiisa kana jawaabaan su’aalaha hoose.

SU’AALAHA FAHAMKA KU SAABSAN

Waa in ay ka jawaabaan su’aalaha soo socda, ayaga oo isticmaalaya xigashooyin iyo macluumaad ka imaanaya qoraalka si ay jawaabahooda ugu xoojiyaan

  1. Maxay tahay sababta aysan saynasyahanadu u heli karin hiide sidaha dinosaur-ka?
  2. Maxay tahay sababta aysan nolol dhab ahi suurtagal uga ahayn Jurassic Park?
  3. Sidee ayay saynisyahanadu u maleynayaan in ay dib ugu soo celin karaan maroodigii dhogorta lahaa?
  4. Qoraagu wuxuu sharaxayaa qaabka teknoolojiyadda loogu isticmaali karo in xayawaanka laga ilaaliyo in ay dabar go’aan. Waa maxay faa’iidooyinka iyo welwelka ku saabsan soo noolaynta xayawaanada sida dinosaur-ka ama maroodiga dhogorta leh?

1 “Is Jurassic Park Possible?” ee T.J. Resler. Xuquuqda lahaanshaha © 2022 ee CommonLit, Inc. Qoraalkan waxaa ruqsad lagu siiyey CC BY-NC-SA 4.

Sidebar Tooltip

IS JURASSIC PARK POSSIBLE?

by T.J. Resler

In the Jurassic Park/Jurassic World movies, scientists bring back dinosaurs that have been extinct for at least 65 million years. (Spoiler alert: Bad idea.) Is this purely fiction, or could we actually see a Brachiosaurus, Triceratops or T. rex stomping around a theme park someday? To clone, which means to recreate, an extinct dino, you need some of its DNA. DNA is a special material inside every living thing that carries all the instructions for what it’ll be like, including how it will look and what it can do (DNA is shaped kind of like a teeny-tiny spiral staircase, but it takes a very powerful, very specialized microscope to see it.)

In the movies, scientists find fragments of dinosaur DNA in the blood of an ancient mosquito. The mosquito had gotten stuck in gooey tree resin, which fossilized into hard amber. The scientists extract the DNA fragments, fill in gaps with other animals’ DNA to get a full strand of DNA, and tinker a bit along the way. Then they clone lots of darling baby dinos…which grow up to be not-so-darling adult dinos. The main challenge in creating a real-life Jurassic Park is finding dinosaur DNA. Is it locked away in amber, Jurassic Park-style? Amber does a great job of preserving all kinds of cool things, like fossilized flowers, insects and even tiny lizards. But DNA? Nope. A team of researchers tried to extract DNA from a couple of bees caught in tree resin that wasn’t even hardened into amber yet — and they couldn’t do it. It turns out that amber (and resins in general) aren’t great at preserving DNA.

But that isn’t the biggest problem. As soon as something dies, its DNA begins to decay. Water, sunlight, microbes in soil, even other gunk in the creature’s own body, all cause chemical reactions that mess up the DNA. “All of these things will break down the DNA into smaller and more degraded pieces until, eventually, there is nothing left,” biologist Beth Shapiro, an expert on ancient DNA, told Live Science. It takes a long time for DNA to degrade completely. Scientists think DNA can last

1.2 million years, maybe even 3 million (some say 6 million) under certain conditions. They’ve identified DNA from a 70,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil, a 700,000-year-old ancient horse bone, and even a one million-year-old woolly mammoth tooth. But a dinosaur from 65 million to 245 million years ago?

Researchers recently discovered something that looks kind of like DNA in a really well-preserved 125 million year-old fossil of a peacock-sized dinosaur called Caudipteryx and in a 76 million-year-old duck-billed dinosaur called Hypacrosaurus. But they have no idea if it’s really from the dinosaurs; it could be from a microbe or something like a worm that crawled by more recently. And even if it really is dinosaur DNA, it may be seriously messed up. So a real-life Jurassic Park may not be possible (sorry, dino fans). But Woolly Mammoth Park?

Maybe! Woolly mammoths — the shaggy, long-tusked relatives of today’s elephants and the best-known of all the mammoths — first appeared about 300,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch, which included the Ice Age. That means their DNA is not anywhere near as old as dino DNA. And, yes, scientists have successfully extracted DNA fragments from the teeth of multiple mammoths, which lived in a frigid area that is now Siberia. Some of the DNA, from an ancestor of the woolly mammoth, was 1.1 million to 1.2 million years old! The cold environment of northern Siberia, where there are large areas of permafrost (permanently frozen ground), helped preserve the mammoth DNA. The mammoth DNA survived because it was more deep-frozen than fossilized, the science and tech website Gizmodo reported. Teams of scientists from nine countries pieced together the mammoth DNA fragments to learn about mammoths and how they evolved. Now a group of scientists wants to see herds of woolly mammoths wandering across the Arctic tundra again.

They are working on bringing them back — a process they call “de-extinction.” They plan to insert traits from a woolly mammoth into the DNA of an Asian elephant, the mammoth’s closest living relative. They’d pick the most mammoth-like traits, like its shaggy coat and ability to withstand the cold. Then they would clone the animals. To be honest, it wouldn’t create a true woolly mammoth, but more of a hybrid woolly mammoth-Asian elephant or a “mammophant.” But, if everything goes according to plan, the animal will look and act like a woolly mammoth. Just like in the Jurassic Park movies, not everyone is enthusiastic about the idea of bringing extinct animals back to life. Even if scientists can bring back woolly mammoths, should they? The idea raises a lot of questions about right and wrong. What if the environment has changed too much for woolly mammoths to thrive now? What if the plants they used to eat no longer exist? Or what if the elephants who would raise the first mammophants don’t accept them? And then there’s the question of people. Many more people live in the Arctic now than when woolly mammoths roamed the earth. Other scientists think it would be better to use the process to keep currently endangered animals from going extinct. Scientists could insert traits into animals to make them healthier or to help them adapt faster to climate change, which threatens the habitats of many animals.

The scientists working to de-extinct woolly mammoths point out that the animals could help restore aspects of the tundra ecosystem that have suffered since the animals went extinct. Eventually, the scientists would like to see herds of woolly mammophants wandering freely through the tundra. But the first few would be safeguarded in a nature reserve in Siberia. And what would they call this reserve? Pleistocene Park!

Example Tooltip


HOWLAHA MAALINLAHA AH EE LAGU TAAGEERAYO WAXBARASHADA

Ogow goorta aad caawimo helayso

Haddii ardaygaaga fasalka 8aad uu sheegi waayo ereyada, ama haddii uu ku istaago marka uu akhrinayo, kala hadal macalinkiisa akhriska faseexiisa. Sidoo kale, canuggaagu haku tababarto akhrinta qoraalada yaryar si uu usoo wanaagsanaado, sida gabay-yada iyo sheekooyinka gaagaaban

Aad maktabadda


Taga maktabadda Ismaamulka Hennepin mar kasta – waa bilaash! Qof kasta waxa uu heli karaa kaarka maktabadda, ayada oo aan loo eegayn marxaladdiisa soogalootinimo

Ku celcelinta qorista


U sheeg canuggaaga in uu ku tababarto qoraalkiisa. Wuxuu haysan karaa joornaal, wuxuu qori karaa waraaqo ama iimaylo, ama wuxuu qaadan karaa xusuus qoraalo ku saabsan waxa uu baranayo

Ka hadal sababta dugsigu muhiim ugu yahay nolosha

Tus ardaygaaga fasalka 8aad qaabka uu u isticmaali karo waxa uu dugsiga ku barto nolosha danbe

  • Weydii saaxiibada iyo qoyska in ay ardaygaaga fasalka 8aad tusaan qaabka uu u isticmaali karo waxyaabaha uu ku bartay dugsiga
  • Tag fasalka wax qorista ee xarunta bulshada
  • U sheeg canuggaaga in uu si mutadawacnimo ah u tago dhacdooyinka iyo howlaha bulshada
Samee jadwal shaqo-guri

Samee jadwal guriga ah kuna dhaqan. Xaqiiji in canuggaagu maalin walba dhammeeyo layliga guriga

U ogolow ilmahaaga inuu hogaamiyo

U sheeg ardaygaaga fasalka 8aad in uu doorto buugga uu doonayo in uu iskiis u akhristo maalin walba. In uu buugaag badan in muddo ah ku akhriyo waa muhiim. U ogolow canuggaaga in uu doorto, si uu ugu faraxsanaado wax akhriska

Wada Baro


Doorta mowduuc aad isla barataan. Akhriya buugaag, eega waxyaabaha intarneetka kujira, ama isla sameeya hawlo gaagaaban oo cilmibaaris ah. Weydii waxa uu ku bartay akhriskiisa. Hakula wadaago adiga, saaxiibada, ama xubnaha kale ee qoyska

Dhageyso muuqaalada

Isla dhagaysta warbixinada kana sheekaysta ama wax ka qora waxa aad barateen

Ka bilow inaad ka hadasho kulliyadda

Kala hadal koleejka ardaygaaga fasalka 8aad. Fiiri waxa aad u baahan tahay in aad adeegsato si aad koleejka u tagto. Tus ardaygaaga dugsiga dhexe sida waxbarashada uu hadda qaadanayo ay ugu diyaarinayso dugsiga sare iyo koleejka

Ilmahaaga ha ku caawiyo guriga

Sii canuggaaga shaqooyin todobaadle ah oo ka dhigaya in uu wax akhriyo sida cunto karinta, dukaamaysiga, iyo diyaarinta iimaylada

8th Grade Mathematics

Xisaabta

WAXA LOO BAAHNA YAHAY IN CANUGGAAGU UU OGAADO AWOODNA U YEESHO IN UU SAMEEYO

Qaababka loola hadlo macalimiinta

Xidhiidh adag oo ka dhexeeya qoysaska iyo macalimiinta ayaa fure u ah hubinta ardayda inay helaan waxay u baahan yihiin si ay u guulaystaan. Ku lug lahaanshaha waalidku kaliya ma keenayso darajooyin sare iyo buundooyin imtixaan, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ka caawisaa ardayda inay yeeshaan kalsooni, dhiirigelin, iyo xirfado bulsho. Ogaanshaha su’aalaha la waydiinayo booqashooyinka dugsiga iyo shirarka waalidka iyo macalimiinta waxay kaa caawin kartaa inaad dareento kalsooni marka ay timaado wax ka qabashada baahiyaha waxbarasho ee ilmahaaga.

Baro Talooyin Isgaarsiineed

Sareeyaha waa tirada sare ee jajabka. Waxay ina tusaysaa inta qayb ee aan haysano. Hooseeyaha waa tirada hoose ee jajabka. Waxay ina tusaysaa inta qayb ee ku jirta dhamaan. 

Gadaal kgale waa koox xarfo ah oo lagu daray dhamadka erayga. Gadaal galaha wuu badali karaa micnaha ereyga. Ku darida ‘’less’’, dhamaadka erayga ‘’end’ (dhamaad)’ wuxuu u badalayaa micnaha ‘’aan dhamaad lahayn’’ gadaal galaha wuxuu kaloo badali karaa sida ereyga loo isticmalo. Magaca ‘’child’’ (canug) wuxuu noqonayaa sifo ‘’childish’’ (caruurnimo) markaad ku darto gadaal galaha ‘’ish’’. 

Hor-gale waa koox xarfo ah oo lagu daray bilowga erey taasoo badalaysa micnihiisa. Ku darida ‘’un” ereyga hortiisa “clean’’ waxay ka dhigaysaa ‘’aan nadiif ahayan’’. Hor-galeyaasha kale ee guud waxay yihiin ‘’re’’, ‘’dis’’, ‘’over’’, ‘’out’’. 

God walba oo tiro ku jira waxaa uu leeyahay qiimo saldhig u ah booskiisa uu kaga jiro tirada. Tusaale ahaan, nambarka 548, godka 5 waxaa uu ku jiraa booska boqolaad ee qiimaha booska, qiimeynta booskiisa waa 500. Godka 4, waxa uu ku jiraa booska tobnaad, qiimaha booskiisa waa 40. Godka 8 waxa uu ku jiraa booska koowaad, qiimaha booskiisana waa 8. 

Buugaagta leh dhawaaq iyo higad isla socoto ee macalimiinta ay horay fasalka ugu bareen. Ardayda way higaadiin karaan am ku dhaqaaqi karaan inta badan ereyada ku jira qoraalka. 

Adigoo isticmaalaya xiriirka xarfaha iyo dhawaaqa ee sida saxda ah loogu dhawaaqo ereyada. Tusaale ahaan, caruurta baratay dhawaaqa ingiriiska /a/, /c/, & /t/ way kala saari karaan “cat.” 

Markay ardayda baranayaan qorida, waxay qoraan dhawaqa ay maqlaan. Waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan si sax ah u higaadinin ereyada. Tani waxay macalimiinta ugu yeeraan “Higaad hal-abuur leh”. Ardayda waxay isticmaalaan iskuxerka xarfaha iyo dhawaaqa lagu baray iskuulka si ay ugu dhawaaqaan ereyo. Muhiimad badan malahan in aad higaad sax ah haysato. 

Buugagta leh dhawaaqa iyo higaada isla socda ee macalimiinta horay ugu bareen fasalka ardayda way kala saari karaan ama ku dhawaaqi karaan ereyada intooda badan ee ku jira qoraalka. 

Garashada dhawaaqa luqad. Tusaale, jiibta, shibbanesyaasha iyo dhawaaqyada kujira ereyada. 

Ereyadu waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhawaqyo gaar-gaar ah oo loo yaqano dhawaq ereyeed. Caruurtu waa in ay ku tababartaan garashada, soo saarista, iyo isku aaddinta codadkaan gaarka ah. 

Xirfadaha loo baahan yahay in wax lagu akhriyo, la qoro, iyo lagu hadlo. 

Awooda akhriska & qoraalka. Ardaydu waxay ku fiicnaadaan xagga akhris-qoraalka iyo wax-akhriska cad iyo tilmaamo gaar ah & qabasho ahaanba. 

Marka aynu naqaano kalmad anagoon ka dhawaaqin. Akhristayaasha wanaagsani waxay tan ku sameeyaan kelmado aad u caan ah ama erayo aan raacin “sharciyada” dhawaaqa erayada. 

Waa jajab sareeyaha uu ka badan yahay hooseeyaha, sida 7/6. 

Waa lambar ka kooban labadaba tiro idil iyo jajab sida 1 3/8 

Sareeyuhu waa tirada kore ee jajabka. Wuxuu muujinayaa tirada qaybaha aan haysano. Hooseeyuhu waa lambarka hoose ee jajabka. Wuxuu muujinayaa qaybaha kujira tirada ee shayga oo dhan. 

Waa koox ereyo ah kuwaas oo micnahoodu yahay wax ka duwan waxa ay luuqad ahaan sheegayaan. Tusaale ahaan: “eeyaha iyo bisadaha ayaa da’aya” micnaheedu waa “in roob mahiigaan ah da’ayo” iyo “jab keeg ah,” micnaheedu waa shay ay fududahay in la sameeyo.” 

Waa ereyada midba midka kale kasoo horjeedo micno ahaan. “Weyn” iyo “yar” waa kuwo iska soo horjeeda.

Ereyada isku micnaha ah waa ereyada micne ahaan iskumidka ah. “Weyn” iyo “xajmi leh” waa isku micne. 

Marka ardaydu wax u akhrin karaan si xawli ah, sax ah, ayna isticmaalaan astaamo muujinaya in ay fahmeen waxa ay akhrinayaan. 

Badi-dhecuhu waa tirada soo laalaabanaysa inta ugu badan ee xogta. Majiri karo badi-dhece haddii dhammaan tirooyinku usoo laalaabanayaan si iskumid ah. Waxaa jiri kara wax ka badan hal badi-dhece haddii tirooyin badan la arkay inta ugu badan inay soo noqnoqdeen. 

Kaddib marka la habeeyo xogta ayada oo laga soo bilaabayo kan ugu yar laguna keenayo kan ugu badan, dhexfurku waa qiimaha kujira bartanka xogta. 

Celcelisku mararka qaar waxaa loo yaqaan celcelis. Celceliska waxaa lagu helaa iyada oo la isku darayo dhammaan qiimeyaasha xogta kaddibna loo qaybinayo wadarta tirada guud ee qiimeyaasha. 

Bedka oogada sare waa caddadka banaanka kore ee qaab saddex dhinac leh. 


Xiriirka ka dhexeeya laba qaybood oo tirooyin ah oo aan isle’ekayn. Ismale’egyadu waxaa sida caadiga ah kamid ah lambar aan la garanayn. Tusaale ahaan, 7x < 28. 

Waa xiriirka ka dhexeeya caddadka laba shay ama kasii badan. Tusaale ahaan, haddii saamiga u dhexeeya wiilasha iyo gabdhaha ee fasalka uu yahay 12:15, haddaba waxaa fasalka dhigata 12 wiil iyo 15 gabdhood. 

Dhufsaneyaashu waa tirooyinka aad hesho marka aad isku dhufato tiro iyo tiro idil. Tusaale ahaan, dhufsaneyaasha 5 waa: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30…iwm. 

Isiradu waa tirooyinka aanu isku dhufan karno si aan u helno tiro kale. Tusaale ahaan, 2 iyo 3 waa isirada 6 sababtoo ah 2 lagu dhuftay 3 waxay lamid tahay 6. 

Adiga oo ereyadaada ku beddelaya jumlada ama baaragaraafka. 

Waa tibix qeexaysa xiriirka ka dhexeeya hal doorsoome (doorsoome madax banaan) iyo doorsoome kale (doorsoome madax banaan). Haddii fansaarku yahay mid xarriiq toos ah, kaddibna marka garaaf lagu sameeyo salaxa baraha kulanka, waxay abuuri doontaa xarriiq toos ah oo leh tiiro ma doorsoome ah. 

Qormo saynis waa qaab loo muujinaya tirooyinka aadka u weyn ama aadka u yar in si fudud loo qoro. Tusaale ahaan tirada 0.0000000000073 waxaa si fudud loogu qori karaa 7.3 x 10-12 

Xididka laba jibbaaran waa isirka tiro taasoo, markii isla ayada la isku dhufto keenaysa tiradii hore. Tusaale ahaan, 5 iyo –5 labaduba waa xidid laba jibaaranaha 25. 

Tirooyinka, calaamadaha, iyo shaqooyinka (sida + iyo ) la isu keeno kuwaas oo muujinaya qiimaha shay. Tusaale ahaan, y + 4 waa tibix, sidoo kale 3 − x/2 iyaduna waa tibix. 

Waa suurtagalnimad uu shay ku dhici karo. Ixtimaalka waxaa lagu muujiyaa jajab tobanle ahaan ama jajab laga bilaabo 0-1 ama boqoley ahaan laga bilaabo 0-100%. Tusaale ahaan, ixtimaalka tuurista shilin iyo in uu soo baxo “xarash” waa .5, 1/2, ama 50%. 

Caddadka goob 3 dhinac leh (3D) oo uu shay gali karo. Muggu wuxuu noo sheegayaa caddadka aan u baahanahy si aan shayga u buuxinno. Tusaale ahaan, caddadka biyaha loo baahan yahay si dhalo loo buuxiyo. Mugga shayga waxaan ku cabirnaa cabirro saddex jibaaran sida sintimitiro saddex jibaaran, injiyo saddex jibaaran, talaabo saddex jibaaran, iyo wixii lamid ah. 

Meerisku waa masaafada qaab ku wareegsan. Waxaa lagu helo iskudarista dhererka dhinacyada oo dhan. Marka la eego goobo, meerisku wuxuu s aamigal u yahay dhexroorka isir ahaan.π . 

Doorsoomuhu wuxuu u tagaan yahay qiimo tiro aan la aqoon oo kujira isle’eg ama tibix xisaab ah. Doorsoomeyaasha waxaa lagu muujiyaa calaamado (sida caadiga ah xaraf). 

Waa jumlad laba shay isle’egyihiin. Isle’egtu waxay inta badan leedahay laba tiro oo aan la garanayn (kuwaas oo loo yaqaano doorsoomeyaal) waxaana loo muujiyaa xaraf ahaan. Tusaale ahaan: 3b + 5 = 14. 

Kujibaarane waxaa loola jeedaa inta jeer ee tirada asalka ah la isku dhufanayo. 

Tibxaha isu dhigma waa tibxaha u shaqeeya qaab iskumid ah inkasta oo ay u muuqdaan in ay kala duwanyihiin. Haddii laba tibxood ay isu dhigmaan, haddaba labada tibxood waxay leeyihiin qiimo iskumid ah marka la galiyo qiimaha iskumidka ah ee doorsoomaha. Tusaale ahaan, 2x + x + x waxay u dhigantaa 4x. 

Masaafada lambar uu kasoo bilaabmo eber. Calaamadda “|” ayaa la dhigaa labada dhinac ee tirada si loogu micneeyo qiimaha sugan, sidaa darteed qiimaha sugan ee x waxaa loo qoraa |x|. 

|4| = 4 |-5| = 5

Astaamaha aljebra waxay qeexayaan qaababka kala duwan ee tiro la iskugu keeni karo. Ardayda fasalka 7aad waa in ay u fududaataa adeegsiga astaamaha aljebrada ee isu soocidda, isu aruurinta iyo kala soocidda. 

Hanaanka xisaab-faladu waa xeer noo sheegaya nidaamka aan u xalinno tibxo talaabooyin badan leh. Nidaamka aan raacayno waxaa lagu xasuusan karaa ereyada lasoo gaabiyay ee PEMDAS:

1. Parentheses (Bilo)
2. Exponents (Ku jibaaraneyaasha)
3. Multiplication & Division(Isku dhufasho iyo Isku qaybin) laga bilaabayo bidixda ilaa midigta
4. Addition & Subtraction(Kudar iyo Kajar) laga bilaabayo bidixda ilaa midigta 

Tirada lakabka ah waa tirada lagu muujin karo in uu yahay jajabka laba lambar. Tirada aan lakabka ahayn laguma muujin karo jajab ahaan. Jajab tobanluhu ma ahan tiro lakab ah haddii uusan waligiis dhammaanayn uusanna lahayn qaab soo noqonoqanaya. 

Baraha sallaxu waa sallax simman oo ay sameeyeen isgoyska xariiqa lambar taagan oo loo yaqaan dhidibka-y iyo xariiqa lambarka jiifa ee dhidibka-x. Kuwaani xariiqyada isku qotoma ee iska goynaya eber, bartaanna waxaa loogu yeeraa bar-boilowga. 

Waa xiriir u dhexeeya laba caddad oo kala duwan kaasoo hal caddad uu yahay ma doorsoome kasoo tarmay caddad kale. Tusaale ahaan, quraanjo kasta waxay leedahay 6 lugood, sidaa darteed buulka quraanjada, wadarta tirada luguhu waxay lix jeer ka badan tahay tirada quraanjada. Sidaa darteed, tirada luguhu waxay saamigal ku tahay tirada quraanjada. 


Jumlad soo koobid ah waa hal ama laba jumladood oo soo koobaya fikradda guud ee qoraalka. 

Luuqadda sharraxaada waxay isticmaashaa qaybaha hadalka si ay u noqoto mid xiiso leh, waxtar leh, saamaynna leh. Tusaale ahaan: “Dhogorta eygaygu waxay u madowdahay sidii dhuxushii.” “Waxay dareemaysaa buluug.”“Wuxuu ku dagaalamay awood libaax.” Ardayda fasalka 7aad waa in ay isticmaalaan mowduuca si ay u helaan micnaha luuqadda sharraxaada ayna ogaadaan in ay tani ka duwan tahay micnaha dhabta ah ee ereyada. 

Macluumaadka ku saabsan qof kujira internetka oo ay sabab u tahay hawshiisa onlaynka. Arrintaan waxaa kamid ah baraha bulshada, sawiraanta, iibka onlaynka ah iyo dib u eegisyada, lambar sireedyada, iyo rukumashada, iyo noocyada kale. 

Waa hannaan heer u samayn oo caan ah oo ay adeegsadaan ardayda, macalimiinta, iyo waalidiinta si loo muujiyo laba shay:

1) Heerka wax akhriska ardayga 2) Adaygga qoraalka

Waxaad ka heli kartaa tirada Lexile qaybta danbe ee buugga ama adiga oo ciwaanka ka raadinaya www.lexile.com. Heerarka lexile ee fasalka ku haboon: Fasalka 6-8 heerka 925–1185 

Sheegashada shaqada qof kale ama fikraddiisa in aad adigu leedahay. 

Tani waxay tusaale u tahay hanuuninta

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The numeric value of a digit in a number. The value of the digit is based on its position in the number. See the chart below for the number 4,367.082.